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PERL TUTORIALS - Perl Operators

Perl Operators

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Perl Arithmetic Operators:

OperatorDescriptionExample
+Addition - Adds values on either side of the operator $a + $b will give 30
-Subtraction - Subtracts right hand operand from left hand operand$a - $b will give -10
*Multiplication - Multiplies values on either side of the operator$a * $b will give 200
/Division - Divides left hand operand by right hand operand$b / $a will give 2
%Modulus - Divides left hand operand by right hand operand and returns remainder$b % $a will give 0
**Exponent - Performs exponential (power) calculation on operators$a**$b will give 10 to the power 20

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Perl Equality Operators:

OperatorDescriptionExample
== Checks if the value of two operands are equal or not, if yes then condition becomes true.($a == $b) is not true.
!= Checks if the value of two operands are equal or not, if values are not equal then condition becomes true.($a != $b) is true.
<=> Checks if the value of two operands are equal or not, and returns -1, 0, or 1 depending on whether the left argument is numerically less than, equal to, or greater than the right argument.($a <=> $b) returns -1.
> Checks if the value of left operand is greater than the value of right operand, if yes then condition becomes true.($a > $b) is not true.
< Checks if the value of left operand is less than the value of right operand, if yes then condition becomes true.($a < $b) is true.
>= Checks if the value of left operand is greater than or equal to the value of right operand, if yes then condition becomes true.($a >= $b) is not true.
<= Checks if the value of left operand is less than or equal to the value of right operand, if yes then condition becomes true.($a <= $b) is true.

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OperatorDescriptionExample
lt Returns true if the left argument is stringwise less than the right argument. ($a lt $b) is true.
gtReturns true if the left argument is stringwise greater than the right argument. ($a gt $b) is false.
leReturns true if the left argument is stringwise less than or equal to the right argument. ($a le $b) is true.
geReturns true if the left argument is stringwise greater than or equal to the right argument. ($a ge $b) is false.
eqReturns true if the left argument is stringwise equal to the right argument. ($a eq $b) is false.
neReturns true if the left argument is stringwise not equal to the right argument. ($a ne $b) is true.
cmpReturns -1, 0, or 1 depending on whether the left argument is stringwise less than, equal to, or greater than the right argument. ($a cmp $b) is -1.

Perl Assignment Operators:

OperatorDescriptionExample
=Simple assignment operator, Assigns values from right side operands to left side operand $c = $a + $b will assigne value of $a + $b into $c
+=Add AND assignment operator, It adds right operand to the left operand and assign the result to left operand $c += $a is equivalent to $c = $c + $a
-=Subtract AND assignment operator, It subtracts right operand from the left operand and assign the result to left operand $c -= $a is equivalent to $c = $c - $a
*=Multiply AND assignment operator, It multiplies right operand with the left operand and assign the result to left operand $c *= $a is equivalent to $c = $c * $a
/=Divide AND assignment operator, It divides left operand with the right operand and assign the result to left operand $c /= $a is equivalent to $c = $c / $a
%=Modulus AND assignment operator, It takes modulus using two operands and assign the result to left operand $c %= $a is equivalent to $c = $c % a
**=Exponent AND assignment operator, Performs exponential (power) calculation on operators and assign value to the left operand $c **= $a is equivalent to $c = $c ** $a

Perl Bitwise Operators:

OperatorDescriptionExample
& Binary AND Operator copies a bit to the result if it exists in both operands. ($a & $b) will give 12 which is 0000 1100
| Binary OR Operator copies a bit if it exists in eather operand. ($a | $b) will give 61 which is 0011 1101
^ Binary XOR Operator copies the bit if it is set in one operand but not both. ($a ^ $b) will give 49 which is 0011 0001
~ Binary Ones Complement Operator is unary and has the efect of 'flipping' bits. (~$a ) will give -61 which is 1100 0011 in 2's complement form due to a signed binary number.
<< Binary Left Shift Operator. The left operands value is moved left by the number of bits specified by the right operand. $a << 2 will give 240 which is 1111 0000
>> Binary Right Shift Operator. The left operands value is moved right by the number of bits specified by the right operand. $a >> 2 will give 15 which is 0000 1111

Perl Logical Operators:

OperatorDescriptionExample
and Called Logical AND operator. If both the operands are true then then condition becomes true.($a and $b) is false.
&& C-style Logical AND operator copies a bit to the result if it exists in both operands. ($a && $b) is false.
orCalled Logical OR Operator. If any of the two operands are non zero then then condition becomes true.($a or $b) is true.
|| C-style Logical OR operator copies a bit if it exists in eather operand. ($a || $b) is true.
notCalled Logical NOT Operator. Use to reverses the logical state of its operand. If a condition is true then Logical NOT operator will make false. not($a and $b) is true.

Quote-like Operators:

OperatorDescriptionExample
q{ }Encloses a string with-in single quotesq{abcd} gives 'abcd'
qq{ }Encloses a string with-in double quotesqq{abcd} gives "abcd"
qx{ }Encloses a string with-in invert quotesqx{abcd} gives `abcd`

Miscellaneous Operators:

OperatorDescriptionExample
.Binary operator dot (.) concatenates two strings.If $a="abc", $b="def" then $a.$b will give "abcdef"
xThe repetition operator x returns a string consisting of the left operand repeated the number of times specified by the right operand.('-' x 3) will give xxx.
..The range operator .. returns a list of values counting (up by ones) from the left value to the right value(2..5) will give (2, 3, 4, 5)
++Auto Increment operator increases integer value by one $a++ will give 11
--Auto Decrement operator decreases integer value by one $a-- will give 9
->The arrow operator is mostly used in dereferencing a method or variable from an object or a class name$obj->$a is an example to access variable $a from object $obj.

Perl Operators Precedence

left	terms and list operators (leftward)
left	->
nonassoc	++ --
right	**
right	! ~ \ and unary + and -
left	=~ !~
left	* / % x
left	+ - .
left	<< >>
nonassoc	named unary operators
nonassoc	< > <= >= lt gt le ge
nonassoc	== != <=> eq ne cmp ~~
left	&
left	| ^
left	&&
left	|| //
nonassoc	..  ...
right	?:
right	= += -= *= etc.
left	, =>
nonassoc	list operators (rightward)
right	not
left	and
left	or xor